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The TITAN project, funded by the EU's Horizon Europe programme, has shown that a microwave-heated fluidised reactor can produce hydrogen from raw biogas almost three times more efficiently than electrolysis – while the solid carbon by-product can be locked away in soil for the long term.
Aeration in activated sludge tanks accounts for 50–65% of the total energy use of conventional biological treatment plants, the most common type worldwide. The efficiency of membrane diffusers is directly linked to a plant's operating costs.